Neisseria Gonorrhea & Chlamydia Trachomatis
Neisseria Gonorrhea
Incidence, Prevalence, Mortality
Commonly known as gonorrhea, this is a very contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium, called neisseria gonorrhea (Norris, 1997; NWHRC, 2005). It is also called “the clap.” Increased public awareness and the AIDS scare significantly brought the incidence down since the 80s. However, as many as 400,000 to a million still remain at risk of contracting it every year in the United States alone. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported 351,853 cases in 2002 alone, although it believes the number should double this. Estimated risks remain at this level on account of the private nature of the disease and the lack of tendency to report it. Most reported cases come from public health clinics (Norris, NWHRC). It increases the risk of contracting pelvic inflammatory disease or PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and HIV (Justensen, 2007).
Nationally reported cases in the Western regions went up from 57.2 to 81.5 cases per 100,000 population or 42% from 2000 to 2005 (Justesen, 2007). The increase was noted in both men and women, in all risk ages, and in all racial or ethnic groups. Authorities attribute the increase in incidence to increases in the number of tests actually performed, the trends in the tests and the actual increases in occurrence. These States were Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah and Washington. The 21 public health laboratories in these States registered 87.1% in 2004, as compared with those in non-Western States (Justesen).
Gonorrhea can infect anyone of any age, race and socioeconomic status (Norris, 1997; NWHRC, 2005). However, 80% of those infected are adolescents and young adults aged 15-29 for women and aged 20-24 for men. Also at high risk are those with multiple sexual partners and those not using contraception devices, such as condoms. Both men and women can contract gonorrhea through oral, anal or vaginal intercourse. An infected male can pass it on to a women 60-90% with a single intercourse. An infected mother can also pass it on to her infant during delivery. As the second most reported sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhea can cause fertility and its complications can cost the economy as much as $1 billion each year (Norris, NWHRC). Gonorrhea is highly infectious but has low mortality (Todar, 2004).
Signs and Symptoms, Body Systems Involved, Pathologic Changes
Gonorrhea affects the mucous membranes of the genitals (Norris, 1999). These membranes can get inflamed with or without symptoms. The symptoms differ in men and women. The disease usually begins as an infection of the urinary vessel and urethra in men. In women, the cervix is the most commonly infected part. Medical complications result when gonorrhea is left untreated or not early enough. Many women without symptoms do not feel the need to be tested and, thus, do not get treated. Primary symptoms and complications are concentrated in the genital, urinary and gastrointestinal systems. They usually appear one day and two weeks after catching the infection. When untreated, the disease spreads to the bloodstream and reaches the brain, heart valves and the joints. Untreated gonorrhea severely damages the reproductive system and cause sterility (Norris; Sullivan, 2004).
One reason for underreporting is the absence of symptoms in 80% of infected women (Norris, 1999). In the rest of the cases, symptoms include bleeding in-between menstrual periods, chronic abdominal pain, painful urination, vaginal cloudy or yellow discharge, a sore throat in case of oral infection, and rectal itching or discharge in case of anal infection. In women who have no symptoms, complications will likely show up as the disease gets worse. The most common complication is pelvic inflammatory disease or PID, which occurs in 40% of the cases. This condition damages the fallopian tubes and leads to ectopic pregnancy or sterility. If the woman is pregnant, gonorrhea can infect the infant at birth and cause blindness. Infected men, on the other hand, experience different symptoms. There may be thick and cloudy discharge from the penis, burning or painful urination, more frequent urination, a sore throat if the infection is oral and rectal itching or discharge if the infection is anal. Complications can damage the prostate, testicles and proximate glands. These can be followed by inflammation, death of tissue, abscesses, scarring and sterility (Norris; Sullivan, 2004).
Mode of Transmission
Gonorrhea in the anus or rectal area occurs most frequently in women and in men who have sex with men (Miller, 2006). Symptoms range include itch and itchy discharge, often with bowel movement. Pain in the rectum, tenesmus and bleeding are more common in infected men who have sex with men. Gonorrhea in the throat or pharynx occurs after oral sex but the symptoms are mild or absent. Most cases disappear on their own without need for treatment or harmful consequences. Children, on the other hand, can acquire gonorrhea from birth if the mother is infected. It can cause neonatal conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, rectal infections and, infrequently, pneumonia, a few days after birth. Older children acquire the disease from sexual abuse. The most common symptom in preadolescent children, often girls, is vaginitis. Pharyngeal and rectal gonorrhea in children often has no symptoms. And disseminated infection can occur in 1 to 3% of infected adults in the form of polyarticular tenosynovitis and dermatitis. There can be slight joint pain, skin lesions and high fever. Symptoms in the genital area are usually absent. Skin lesions are limited to the extremities as papules, which develop into hemorrhagic pustules. The lesions may also be necrotic. The most affected joints are the wrists, ankles and those of the hands and feet. If the disease is untreated, septic arthritis may develop and involve the elbows, wrists, knees and ankles (Miller).
Morphology
The family of bacteria, called Neisseriaceae, contains gram-negative aerobic bacteria belonging to 14 genera (Todar, 2004). These genera include Neisseria, which contains two human pathogens, namely Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitides. Neisseria gonorrhea causes gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis causes meningococcal meningitis. The bacterium attaches itself to non-ciliated epithelial cells through the fimbriae and by producing a toxin. It also produces IgA proteases to produce the itch. Many normal persons may Neisseria meningitidis may be found in the upper respiratory tract but Neisseria gonorrhea can only be in normal tissue after an infection (Todar).
Culturing
The bacterium has a typical gram-negative membrane, consisting of proteins, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide or LPS (Todar, 2004). The LPS in gonorrhea is referred to as lipooligosaccharide or LOS. It releases outer fragments, called “blebs,” while it grows. The “blebs” are said to participate in the development of the disease. The bacterium is a relatively weak organism, which is vulnerable to temperature changes, drying, uv light and other conditions in the environment. It requires a medium containing hemoglobin, NAD, yeast extract and 35-36 degrees to culture it. During infection, bacterial lipooligosaccharide and peptidoglycan are released. They activate the host while LOS stimulates the tumor necrosis factor or TNF. TNF causes cell damage. Neutrophils are drawn to the site and eat the bacteria (Todar).
Diagnosis
Detection of gonorrhea is performed at a public health clinic or family physician office (Norris 1999). The doctor first discusses the symptoms and elicits the patient’s risk behavior or known contact. The most used tests for gonorrhea are a culture, a Gram stain, and an ELISA test. The first preferred method is the culture of secretions from the infected area, whether symptoms exist or not. A cotton swab can collect enough sample secretions to culture and test. This sample is incubated up to two days for bacteria to multiply for detection. The test has a 00% accuracy. The second test, which uses gram stains, is more accurate when used on men than in women. A small amount of the discharge from the infected area is placed on a slide, stained with a special dye and examined under a microscope. The advantage of this second test is the speed of detection. It can be performed during the first visit. The test requires skill or competence in the physician or technician. It has a70% accuracy as compared to the culture test. Other tests are used to confirm its result. And ELISA also produces quick findings. ELISA is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It is much more sensitive than the gram stain. It is also more sensitive than the gram stain and more convenient than the culture test (Norris).
Physicians may call in or consult with a gynecologist in diagnosing gonorrhea (Norris, 1999). An infected male patient suffering from complications may be referred to a urologist. Referrals may also be made to specialists of infectious diseases. Doctors are required by law to report incidence of gonorrhea and information on the patient’s sex partner or partners. If the patient is found infected, the partner or partners will be notified that they are at risk (Norris). The two methods used in diagnosis gonorrhea are culture and non-culture (Miller, 2006). The non-culture techniques need less manpower to perform. They approximate the accuracy of culture tests. In some cases, non-culture tests have replaced culture tests. The newest is the nucleic acid amplification test. It has 92-96% sensitivity and 94-99% specificity, as compared with culture tests (Norris). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the maintenance of a low threshold to physicians when diagnosing pelvic inflammation disease because of the lack or absence of significant negative changes. The Center recommends diagnosing women with PID and who experience uterine and adnexal painfulness or cervical tenderness during the examination. Women who have urogenital disease can submit to the nucleic acid amplification text by endocervical or urine sample. Endocervical samples are, however, preferred, a urine samples have lower sensitivity (Miller).
Treatment
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revised its guidelines and now recommends the use cephalosporins in the treatment of gonorrhea and PID (Armstrong, 2007). This class of drugs has replaced fluoroquinolones, which have been popularly used since 1993. Fluoroquinolones have been the choice drugs because of their effectiveness, availability and convenient single dose. But resistance to the drugs soon became prevalent in gonorrhea cases, necessitating modifications in the therapy. Incidents were initially reported as occurring in Hawaii, followed by cases in California and the Western States. The resistance trend was first noted among men at 30% in 1994 who have sex with men, then in other groups (Armstrong; Norris, 1999). The incidence persisted and necessitated a change into another regimen. CDC currently recommends a single 125-mg intramuscular shot of ceftriaxone as treatment for uncomplicated urogenita and anorectal gonorrhea. The oral dose is 400 mg of cefixime. Cefixime may be used as an alternative regimen in combination with 1 gram of cefuroxime. CDC also recommends a single intramuscular shot of ceftriaxone for pharyngeal gonorrhea (Armstrong). The list of new class of antibiotics taken orally or given by injection consists of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and ceftriaxone. Patients who are allergic to penicillin should be treated instead with erhythromycin (Norris).
Alternative treatments include herbs and minerals as supplements (Norris, 1999).
Lactobacillus acidophilus or live-culture yogurts may replenish gastrointestinal flora. Zinc, multivitamins, especially Vitamin C, minerals and garlic help improve the body’s immune system. Herbs like kelp, calendula, myrrh, and thuja have demonstrated values on the body’s systems. Hot baths also help reduce pain and inflammation. Fasting and juices contribute to cleaning up the urinary and gastrointestinal systems. So do acupressure and acupuncture (Norris).
Prognosis
If the diagnosis is made early and the treatment is correct and complete, the disease can be entirely treated (Norris, 1999). Otherwise, 40% of untreated female patients can develop PID, liver infection and sterility. When the disease spreads throughout the body, the gonococcal infection is likely to cause fever, arthritic joints and skin lesions. The best prevention is still abstinence or exclusive sex with one partner. Infection may also be prevented with the use of contraceptive devices, such as condoms (Norris).
Name of Bacteria: Chlamydia Trachomatis
Disease: Chlamydia or Genital Chlamydia
Body System Involved: Uro-genital System
Taxonomy
Domain – Bacteria
Class – Chlamydiae
Order – Chlamydiales
Family – Chlamydiacea
Genus – Chlamydia
Species – C. Trachomatis
Identification
Chlamydia trachomatis are gram-negative, aerobic, intracellular pathgens (Stephanie, 2008). They are typically coccoid or rod-shaped. They need growing cells to remain alive but can be artificially grown in a suitable medium. They cannot synthesize their own ATP. They were previously believed to be viruses (Stephanie).
The preferred non-culture technique today is the nucleic acid amplification, which have a 85% sensitivity and specificity (Miller, 2006). A Gram stain of mucopurulent discharge from the penis with more than 5 white blood cells per oil-immersion field and no intracellular Gram-negative diplococci can confirm urethritis. The nucleic acid amplification technique can detect and confirm C. trachomatis (Miller). Other tests are cytology, culture, antigen detection, serologic tests, and nucleic acid probes. Because chlamydia are intracellular parasites, swabs of the infected or involved sites, instead of exudates, should be submitted for examination and analysis for accuracy (Mayer, 2007).
Media for Cultivation
Specimens are merged with cultures of susceptible cells (Mayer, 2007). Infected cells are then examined for iodine-staining inclusion bodies, as iodine stains glycogen in these bodies. Their presence confirms C. trachomatis. Other species of the bacterium have no glycogen (Mayer).
Pathogenicity
These organisms are small obligate intracellular parasites (Mayer, 2007). They have their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes and make their own proteins and nucleic acids. They have an inner and outer membrane like gram-negative bacteria. The are unable to make their own ATP and, are, thus energy parasites (Mayer)..
C. trachomatis attacks and infects non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells (Mayer, 2007). They stimulate the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes. This leads to the formation of lymphoid follicle and fibrotic changes. Cell destruction follows. The host creates an inflammatory response. Long-lasting immunity is not stimulated by the infection. Re-infection brings on a repeat inflammatory response and resulting tissue damage (Mayer).
Treatment
This depends on the site of the infection, the age of the infected person and whether the infection is complicated or uncomplicated (Miller, 2006). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a single oral dose of 1 g of azithromycin for uncomplicated chlamydial infection. The equivalent oral dose is 100 mg doxycycline twice a day for seven days. The azithromycin single dose has the advantage in that it can be administered at the doctor’s office. If the patient vomits the drug within one or two hours, alternative treatment should be given. If symptoms persist after the completion of the regimen, treatment should be changed to 2 g metronidazole as a single oral dose in addition to 500 mg erhthromycin ethylsccinate, also taken orally, four times a day for seven days. An alternative dosage is 800 mg erythromycin ethylsuccinate orally four times a day for seven days (Miller).
Tetracyclines, erythromycin and sulfonamides are commonly used to treat Chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases (Mayer, 2007). But their effectiveness is limited where re-infection is common. Vaccines are not effective against these diseases. Only proper treatment, improved hygiene, prevention of re-infection, safe sexual practices and abstinence will help (Mayer).
Specific Disease Chosen
Genital Chlamydia or Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial STD (NWHRC Health Center, 2005). Statistics say that there are more than 3 million new cases of the disease very year. The American Social Health Association reported that it is most common among teen-agers and young adults. From an invasion of the endocervix, the disease spreads to the reproductive tract. If untreated, it can lead t infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. It has been called the “silent epidemic” in that three out of four infected persons do not develop symptoms. Yet it produces complications and damage. In 1999 alone, the annual costs incurred in treating the infection and its complications went beyond $2 billion Chlamydia is so common among young women that health authorities estimate half of all sexually active women, by age 30, will contract it some time in their lives (NWHRC Health Center).
Chlamydia usually presents symptoms (Miller, 2006). These are dysuria and discharge from the penis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Most women do not have symptoms. Despite the lack, it can cause ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns and chlamydial pneumonia. Untreated Chlamydia in men can spread to the epididymis. Oral treatment may be a single dose of azithromycin or a weekly dosage of 100 mg twice daily of doxycycline. Amoxicillin or an erythromycine base is recommended for pregnant women. CDC and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommend the examination of women at increased risk and women under 25 (Miller).
Prognosis
Congress allotted a budget to fund a national STD-related infertility prevention program (NWHRC Health Center, 2005). This increased the number of Chlamydia screenings. It also raised the level of awareness on the seriousness of the disease, especially on health professionals. A consequence was that States now require insurance companies to cover the costs of Chlamydia screenings (NWHRC).
When diagnosed, the disease is easily treated and cured (NWHRC Health Center, 2005). But if left untreated, it can develop serious medical problems. In women, it can produce pelvic inflammatory disease involving the upper genital tract. This includes endometritis and trubo-ovarian abscess. Acute pelvic inflammatory disease is also hard to diagnose. It has subtle signs and varying symptoms (NWHRC Health Center).
Bibliography
Armstrong, C. (2007). CDC changes guidelines for gonorrhea. American Family
Physician: the Academy of American Physicians. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_11_75/ai_n19377313?tag=content;col1
Javanbakht, M., et al. (2000). Increases in gonorrhea – eight Western states: 2000-2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Government Printing Office. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0906/is/_10_56/ai_n2794120?tag=content;col1
Justesen, S (2002). Slowing the spread of gonorrhea. Nursing: Springhouse Corporation. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3689/is_200204/ai_n90666095?tag=content;col1
Mayer, G (2007). “Chlamydia.” Bacteriology, Chapter 20. Microbiology and Immunobiology. The Board of Trustees: University of South Carolina School of Medicine. Retrieved on November 29, 2008 at http://pathomicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/chlamydia.htm
Miller, K.E. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of neisseria gonorrhea. American Family Physician: the Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_10_73/ai_n26885600?tag=content;col1
Diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia Trachomatis. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_3225/is_8_77/ai_n26882815?tag=content;col1
National Women’s Health Center (2005). Chlamydia – Overview. NWHC Health Center: Gale Group. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 at http://findarticles.com/mi_mOPWO/is_2005_March_16/ai_n1720977?tag=content;col1
Gonorrhea. Retrieved on November 26, 2008 at http://findarticles.com/mi_mOIPX/is_2005_March_16/ai_n17209941?tag=content;col1
Norris, T.G. (1999). Gonorrhea. Encyclopedia of Medicine: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Retrieved on November 26, 2007 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_q2601/ai_2601000601?tag=content;col1
Stepanie (2008). Chlamydia. Stephanie’s Adopt-a-Microb Site. Retrieved on November 29, 2008 at http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/stephanies_adopt-a-microb_site/stephanies
Sullivan, M.G. (2004). Better predictors than vaginal signs: urinary symptoms predict Gonorrhea, Chlamydia. OB/GYN News: International Medical News Group.
Retrieved on November 26, 2008 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mOOYO/is_9_39/ai_n604416?tag=content;col1
Todar, K. (2004). The pathogenic neisseria. University of Wisconsin: Madison Department of Bacteriology. Retrieved on November 28, 2008 at http://textbooksofbacteriology.net/neisseria.html
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
